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Another prominent factor that influences the pro-constrictive environment and endothelial function of the blood vessels found in smokers is endothelin-1 (ET-1) [8]

David Cartwright added: "Having regular sight tests, once every two years unless advised otherwise by your optometrist, is vital for everyone but never more so than for smokers

"Victorian Government urged to act quicker on smoking ban in outdoor drinking and dining areas"

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One study limitation, according to the researchers, is that the analyses were based on self-reported data on ENDS use and ED status, all of which are subject to misclassification and desirability bias (the possibility that respondents will answer questions based on what they think will be perceived favorably by others)